Theories of Federalism Essay

Theories of Federalism Essay

Intergovernmental systems possess both extensive horizontal articulation and vertical interdependence. That is because intergovernmental relations exist both by collaborative and hierarchical arrangement combination, thus proving the little consensus within a singular intergovernmental relation model in the US. As a result, Deil Wright is known for his provision of three intergovernmental relations models that are essential in understanding and assessing intergovernmental relations. For Deil Wright, the three intergovernmental relations models elaborate more on the relationship between national, state, and local governments through overlapping, inclusive and coordinated authority.[1] Hence, the paper will evaluate the federalism theories in light of Wright’s intergovernmental relationship.

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Of all the three models, the most embraced model is the overlapping authority model that would help to depict these relationships. The model is essential since it gives a conceptual basis for moving beyond the views of intergovernmental relations. However, it is important to understand that each of the three models, overlapping, inclusive and coordinated authority tends to represent the possible relationship types those governmental institutions exhibit.[2] The coordinate authority model implies that state, local and national governments are autonomous and independent, while the inclusive authority model accentuates that the state, local and national governments support the hierarchical relationships at all governmental levels. The inclusive authority model works on the premise that national governments head the local and state governments through hierarchical network arrangement, making states more administrative districts for the established federal policies.[3] Lastly, the overlapping authority acts as a configuration of the three governmental levels. That means the substantial operation areas must simultaneously involve the state, local and national governments. The autonomous areas for all government levels are comparatively small, and the influence and power available are relatively small. When elaborating further on overlapping authority, Wright indicates that an overlapping authority is created by engaging in substantial bargaining and negotiation, requiring federalism to have different scales of government that cooperates.[4] Such cooperative federalism has led to engaging in governmental activities without a guiding star, compass, or chart since the cooperation has long been uncorrelated and unplanned with various governmental activities, even those within similar fields. There exists different confusion on what cooperative federalism entails. For instance, the main role of any government is to ensure that it punishes evildoers, as explained in Romans 13:4. Though religious-wise, it is only God that has the power to punish evildoers.[5]

However, when one integrates the religious view into political theory, the government’s role is to ensure that they punish all evildoers, thus avenging the country’s citizens that had been offended by them. For instance, when the government punishes offenders that prove greediness in pursuing private properties and put other individuals’ lives and health at risk, such government is trying to protect the citizens, which is characterized more as a negative role. On the other hand, governments can also play positive roles by providing food stamps, healthcare, or other factors like providing students with low-interest loans. Such a positive role is supported by Roman 13:3, which says that it is essential to do the right thing, which will help receive praise for such actions.[6] Hence, the state, local and national governments do not have to engage in creating positive activities solely, but instead, they need to provide recognition to those that do good, like humanitarian groups. Contrary, cooperation has different coordination means on how states and the federal government use their resources to ensure that the federal government has smooth transactions of a business. Hence, how power is articulated between these government levels depends more on the transaction context.[7] An example concerns constitutional law matters, which precede policies that begin at the local level. At the same time, in some areas, the state governments are more independent when articulating their authority and do not need to depend on the federal governments, especially in cases like marriage rights determination or settling land disputes. Apart from such differences, one will find that the federal government takes over the local and states affairs in other areas.

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When explaining how the intergovernmental systems work, it is necessary to consider how Jesus viewed the political pathway. For instance, in Matthew 22:20-22, Jesus emphasized the need for people to acknowledge that despite the Kingdom not being his world, it was necessary to ensure that Caesar’s place was also acknowledged, proving the limited government’s role.[8] Such factors explain why some nations that have not yet found their democratic systems still struggle with engaging in cooperative federalism. As a result, a nation like the United States came up with a constitution that limits what the government can do to the systems. As a result, the United States citizens, through the constitution, have to abide by the laws and regulations of the land and cease injustices, exclusion, and coercive systems.[9] That can clearly explain how the intergovernmental systems work on public education matters. That is because some states agree to add property taxes since educating the youth is a collaborative effort between the state, local and federal governments.[10] Hence, whenever the local public schools elect their board members, the federal government’s power becomes limited since the board will oversee how these schools execute funds. Hence, the only option remaining is for the federal government to induce different policies for compliance purposes. Conclusively, the power distribution within intergovernmental relations has, over the years, been established as political reform subject. As a result, the aspect of devolution has been seen as the main solution since it enables the different levels to coordinate easily with each other. Hence, it becomes easy for intergovernmental levels to acknowledge their governance limits, thus putting them in a position where they can easily make informed decisions.

Bibliography

Burke, Brendan F., and Jeffrey L. Brudney. “Why We Fight: Conflict and “Coping” in Twenty-First-Century Intergovernmental Relations.” In Intergovernmental relations in transition, pp. 58-74. Routledge, 2018.

Bowen, William R. “Progressives, the COVID Pandemic, and the Laboratories of Democracy: Is the Left Saying “Goodbye” to Cooperative Federalism?.” (2021).

Daniel, J. Elazar. Covenant and civil society: the constitutional matrix of modern democracy. Routledge, 2018.

Elazar, Daniel Judah. “Federalism: an overview.” (1995).

Lo, Jane C., and Carol I. Adams. “Civic literacy through literacy instruction: Using structured academic controversy in a government classroom.” Citizenship Teaching & Learning 13, no. 1 (2018): 83-104.

O’Toole, Laurence J., and Robert K. Christensen. American intergovernmental relations: Foundations, perspectives, and issues. Cq Press, 2012.

[1]Burke, Brendan F., and Jeffrey L. Brudney. “Why We Fight: Conflict and “Coping” in Twenty-First-Century Intergovernmental Relations.” In Intergovernmental relations in transition, pp. 58-74. Routledge, 2018.

[2] O’Toole, Laurence J., and Robert K. Christensen. American intergovernmental relations: Foundations, perspectives, and issues. Cq Press, 2012.

[3] Daniel, J. Elazar. Covenant and civil society: the constitutional matrix of modern democracy. Routledge, 2018.

[4] Lo, Jane C., and Carol I. Adams. “Civic literacy through literacy instruction: Using structured academic controversy in a government classroom.” Citizenship Teaching & Learning 13, no. 1 (2018): 83-104.

[5] Bowen, William R. “Progressives, the COVID Pandemic, and the Laboratories of Democracy: Is the Left Saying “Goodbye” to Cooperative Federalism?.” (2021).

[6] Bowen, William R. “Progressives, the COVID Pandemic, and the Laboratories of Democracy: Is the Left Saying “Goodbye” to Cooperative Federalism?.” (2021).

[7] Elazar, Daniel Judah. “Federalism: an overview.” (1995).

[8] Bowen, William R. “Progressives, the COVID Pandemic, and the Laboratories of Democracy: Is the Left Saying “Goodbye” to Cooperative Federalism?.” (2021).

[9] Daniel, J. Elazar. Covenant and civil society: the constitutional matrix of modern democracy. Routledge, 2018.

[10] Lo, Jane C., and Carol I. Adams. “Civic literacy through literacy instruction: Using structured academic controversy in a government classroom.” Citizenship Teaching & Learning 13, no. 1 (2018): 83-104.

 

Hello, this essay must have Citations from at least 6 peer-reviewed/scholarly sources and all required readings and presentations. Must provide at least four citations from the required course materials and one reference to Scripture.  Double-spaced content, Double-spaced. Turabian Format. Must have at least 5 years 2017-2022) of Bibliographical citation. Except for required textbook and assigned readings: 1. O’Toole, Lawrence, & Christensen: Chapters 1-2, 2. Elazar: Preface, 3. Elazar; Chapter 1-2  Please see Client upload for detail instructio
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